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王 毅
（男，2019级博士，专业：汉语言文字学，研究方向：汉语方言学，导师：谢留文）
摘 要
祁东方言作为湖南南部湘语的一种，有其个性和特色。本文在共时描写的基础上，重点分析祁东方言的形态、代词、量词短语、体、句式五个方面，并注重与湖南方言内部比较，注重与历史文献的联系。本文共有七个章节。
第一章为绪论部分，介绍祁东的概况和祁东方言的研究现状，阐述本项研究的意义、方法及语料来源。
第二章为形态。名词的形态包括重叠和词缀。量词、动词和形容词最主要的形态变化都是重叠。量词重叠可表达周遍、逐一、多量的语法意义。动词重叠表达动作的反复或持续、强调动量、传递说话人的主观态度。形容词重叠表达增量或减量。最后还讨论了小称标记“唧”，其作用是凸显小量或凸显感情色彩。
第三章为代词。人称代词方面，重点讨论五种复数形式的类型和来源。指示代词方面，重点讨论它们的用法和功能。疑问代词方面，描写它们的基本用法，并与湖南方言的疑问代词进行比较，得出了几条规律。
第四章为量词短语。“一量”短语具有数量和无定两种解读。“量名”短语可表达数量义、类指义、无定义和定指义，在不同的句法位置有不同的语义解读倾向。量词还可独用表示数量义、无定义和定指义，其中表定指的光杆量词结构可能是从“指量”结构演变而来。
第五章为体，包括“呱”、“了”、“呱了”、“起”、“倒”等。本章重点讨论了它们的句法环境、语法意义，有些还分析了演变路径。祁东方言的体标记类型多样，体的语法形式和语法意义之间不存在一一对应的关系。有些语法形式虽然表达了同一类语法意义，但在具体使用上仍有细微区别。
第六章为句式。处置式可分为一般型处置式、前置型处置式和数量型处置式，三者句义略有区别。被动式包括“得”字被动式和“让得”被动式，其中复合被动标记“让得”是使让义“让”和给予义“得”词汇化的结果。“得”字句类型丰富，意义复杂，“得”经历了多重语法化，给予义是源头。“连”字句主要集中在湖南境内，多用于否定语境，强调“连”后的内容。
第七章为结论，总结本文的基本认识和不足之处。
关键词：湖南祁东方言；湘语；形态；代词；量词短语；体；句式
Abstract
Qidong dialect, belonging to southern Xiang dialect, has its own characteristics. Based on the detailed descriptions, this dissertation analyses morphology, pronouns, classifier phrases, aspect, and sentences in Qidong dialect. This dissertation emphasizes the comparison with other Hunan dialect and the connection with historical materials. It consists of seven chapters, including the introduction and the conclusion.
Chapter one is introduction. This part introduces the general situation of Qidong, the researches about Qidong dialect, and the significance, methods and corpus sources of this study.
Chapter two is morphology. The formations of nouns include reduplication and affixes. The main morphological changes of classifiers, verbs and adjectives are reduplication. The reduplication of classifiers expresses three grammatical meanings, that is, universality, one by one, and increment. The reduplication of verbs expresses the repeated or continuous meaning, emphasizes the measurement of actions, and deliveries the speakers’ subjective attitudes. The reduplication of adjective expresses increments or decrements. This chapter also discusses the diminutive marker ji (唧), which is used to highlight the small quantity or the speakers’ attitudes.
Chapter three is pronouns. The first part is personal pronouns, and mainly focuses on the types and sources of five plural forms. The second part is demonstrative pronouns, and discusses their usages and functions. In the third part “interrogative pronouns”, we describe the basic usage of interrogative pronouns, compare them with interrogative pronouns in Hunan dialect, and find several laws.
Chapter four is classifier phrases. The construction “yi(一)+classifier” has two interpretations, that is, a quantitative reading and an indefinite reading. The classifier-noun phrases can express quantitative, kind, indefinite and definite meanings. The classifier-noun phrase can be interpreted with a tendentious reading in different syntactic positions. The classifier can also be used alone to express quantitative, indefinite and definite meaning. The bare classifier expressing definite reading may evolve from the demonstrative-classifier construction.
Chapter five is aspect. This part focuses on aspect markers, such as gua(呱), le(了), gua le(呱了), qi(起), dao(倒) and others. We put an emphasize on the syntactic environments and grammatical meanings of these aspect markers, and analyze their evolutions. There are various types of aspect markers in Qidong dialect, and there are no one-to-one correspondences between the grammatical forms and grammatical meanings of the markers. Although two or more grammatical forms express the same grammatical meaning, there are still subtle differences between them.
Chapter six is sentences. The disposal construction can be divided into three types, namely the ordinary, the preposed and the numeral disposal construction, and their meanings are slightly different. The passive construction has two sub-types, and there are two passive markers, including de(得) and rang de(让得). The compound marker rang de(让得) result from lexicalization. The de(得) construction has various categories and complex meanings. The word de(得) has undergone multiple grammaticalization, and the meaning of “to give” is the source. The lian(连) construction is widely distributed in Hunan province, which is mostly used in negative context and emphasizes the information after the word lian(连).
Chapter seven is conclusion, which summarizes the main views and shortcomings of this dissertation.
Key words: Qidong dialect in Hunan province; Xiang dialect; morphology; pronouns; classifier phrase; aspect; sentence
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